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Institution
University of Arizona
Current Position
Associate Professor
Highest Degree
Ph.D. in Psychology from University of California--Santa Barbara, 1999
Research Interests
 | Emotion |
| Intergroup Relations |
| Prejudice/Stereotyping |
| Self/Identity |
Laboratory Home Page
Courses Taught
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Toni Schmader
Department of Psychology
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721
U.S.A.
Home Page
Phone: (520) 621-7445
Fax: (520) 621-9306
In my research, I seek to understand the interplay between self and social identity, particularly when one's social identity is accorded lower status or is targeted by negative stereotypes. In exploring these issues, my research draws upon and extends existing work on social stigma, social justice, social cognition, intergroup emotion, self-esteem, and motivation and performance. My ongoing research examines three related questions:
1) How and when do members of lower status groups psychologically disengage their self-esteem from outcomes they receive in stereotype relevant domains?
2) What variables mediate and moderate the inhibiting effects of stereotype threat on an individual's performance?
3) When and why do people feel ashamed or guilty for the negative actions of their ingroup?
 Journal Articles:
- Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2005). Ashamed to be an American?: The role of identification in predicting vicarious shame for Anti-Arab prejudice after 9-11. Self and Identity, 4, 331-348.
- Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. (2005). Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women's math performance. Psychological Science, 16, 175-179.
- Lickel, B., Schmader, T., Curtis, M., Scarnier, M., & Ames, D. R. (2005). Vicarious shame and guilt. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 145-157.
- Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton , D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: Who else was to blame for the Columbine High School shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 194-204.
 Major B., Quinton W. J., & Schmader T. (2003). Attributions to discrimination and self-esteem: Impact of group identification and situational ambiguity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 220-231.
- Major, B., Spencer, S., Schmader, T., Wolfe, C., & Crocker, J. (1998). Coping with negative stereotypes about intellectual performance: The role of psychological disengagement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 34-50.
- Schmader, T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 194-201.
- Schmader T., & Johns M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
- Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Barquissau, M. (2004). The costs of accepting gender differences: The role of stereotype endorsement in women's experience in the math domain. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 50, 835-850.
- Schmader, T., & Major, B. (1999). The impact of ingroup vs. outgroup performance on personal values. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 47-67.
- Schmader, T., Major, B., Eccleston, C.P., & McCoy, S.K. (2001). Devaluing domains in response to threatening intergroup comparisons: Perceived legitimacy and the status value asymmetry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 782-796.
- Schmader, T., Major, B., & Gramzow, R.H. (2001). Coping with ethnic stereotypes in the academic domain: Perceived injustic and psychological disengagement. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 93-111.
Other Publications:
- Major, B., & Schmader, T. (1999). From social devaluation to self-esteem: The impact of legitimacy appraisals. In B. Major & J. Jost (Eds.), Psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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