In my research, I seek to understand the interplay between self and social identity, particularly when one's social identity is accorded lower status or is targeted by negative stereotypes. In exploring these issues, my research draws upon and extends existing work on social stigma, social justice, social cognition, intergroup emotion, self-esteem, and motivation and performance. My ongoing research examines three related questions:

(1) How and when do members of lower status groups psychologically disengage their self-esteem from outcomes they receive in stereotype relevant domains?

(2) What variables mediate and moderate the inhibiting effects of stereotype threat on an individual's performance?

(3) When and why do people feel ashamed or guilty for the negative actions of their ingroup?

Primary Interests:

Emotion, Mood, Affect
Intergroup Relations
Prejudice and Stereotyping
Self and Identity

Emotion, Mood, Affect
Intergroup Relations

Prejudice and Stereotyping
Self and Identity

Research Group or Laboratory:

Social Identity Laboratory
Interactive Map

Journal Articles:

Martens, A., Kosloff, S., Greenberg, J., Landau, M. J., & Schmader, T. (2007). Killing begets killing: Evidence from a bug-killing paradigm that initial killing fuels subsequent killing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1251-1264.
Schmader, T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 194-201.
Schmader, T., Forbes, C. E., Zhang, S., & Johns, M. J. (2009). A meta-cognitive perspective on cognitive deficits experienced in intellectually threatening environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Barquissau, M. (2004). The costs of accepting gender differences: The role of stereotype endorsement in women's experience in the math domain. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 50, 835-850.
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336-356.
Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2006). The approach and avoidance function of personal and vicarious shame and guilt. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 43-56.
Schmader, T., & Major, B. (1999). The impact of ingroup vs. outgroup performance on personal values. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 47-67.
Schmader, T., Major, B., Eccleston, C. P., & McCoy, S. K. (2001). Devaluing domains in response to threatening intergroup comparisons: Perceived legitimacy and the status value asymmetry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 782-796.
Schmader, T., Major, B., & Gramzow, R. H. (2001). Coping with ethnic stereotypes in the academic domain: Perceived injustic and psychological disengagement. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 93-111.
Schmader, T., Whitehead, J., & Wysocki, V. H. (2007). A linguistic comparison of letters of recommendation for male and female chemistry and biochemistry job applicants. Sex Roles, 57, 509-514.

Other Publications:

Forbes, C., Schmader, T., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008). Error monitoring in an intellectually threatening environment. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience.
Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2007). Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame, and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 572-587.
Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. (2005). Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women’s math performance. Psychological Science, 16, 175-179.
Lickel, B., Schmader, T., Curtis, M., Scarnier, M., & Ames, D. R. (2005). Vicarious shame and guilt. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 145-157.

Courses Taught:

Advanced Social Psychology: Prejudice
Causes and Consequences of Prejudice
Introductory Psychology
Social Psychology
The Science of Personality

Advanced Social Psychology: Prejudice
Causes and Consequences of Prejudice
Introductory Psychology

Social Psychology
The Science of Personality

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Toni Schmader
Department of Psychology
2136 West Mall
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4
Canada

Phone: (604) 822-4826
Fax: (604) 822-6923